Babcock University Medical Journal

Prevalence, Risk and Protective Factors and Risk Assessment Tools for Adolescent Suicidal Ideation in low-and middle-income countries: A Scoping Review

2025-12-10T11:14:33+01:00

Background: Suicidal ideation among adolescents constitutes an urgent public-health problem owing to its prevalence, the potential progression to suicidal behaviour, and the vulnerability of the adolescent developmental period. Measurement inconsistency, cultural constraints on disclosure, and heterogeneity in risk and protective factors complicate surveillance and prevention, especially in low- and middle-income countries. This scoping review synthesises evidence on prevalence, multilevel risk and protective factors, and the psychometric performance of common adolescent suicidal ideation instruments, drawing principally from a recent doctoral dissertation examining in-school adolescents in Ogun State, Nigeria, and from contemporary international literature.

Main body: The review first situates the Ogun State empirical estimate, a point prevalence of 3.9% for suicidal ideation among 1,444 in-school adolescents, within global and regional trends, noting heterogeneity in pooled estimates across systematic reviews and meta-analyses. The synthesis organises determinants using a socio-ecological framework, identifying robust individual-level correlates (depression, prior attempt, sleep disturbance), interpersonal drivers (family instability, childhood abuse, parental substance misuse), and societal factors (socioeconomic stressors, stigma and legal sanctions). Protective factors repeatedly documented include strong social support and connectedness, higher self-esteem, purpose in life and adaptive coping strategies. The review evaluates three measurement instruments deployed and psychometrically tested within the same adolescent sample, the Suicidal Ideation Attributes Scale (SIDAS), the Positive and Negative Suicide Ideation Inventory (PANSI) and the Suicide Ideation Scale (SIS), and finds that SIDAS and the PANSI negative subscale display the most favourable structural validity for school-based screening in similar contexts, while SIS demonstrates excellent internal consistency but requires latent-structure reappraisal.

Conclusion: For school-based screening in LMIC settings similar to Ogun State, a pragmatic approach combines brief validated severity measures (SIDAS) with risk-focused subscales (PANSI-NSI) to detect high-risk adolescents efficiently, paired with robust referral pathways. Research priorities include wider cross-national validation of instruments, longitudinal studies for temporal risk modelling, and trials of context-adapted preventive interventions.

PCR-Based investigation of virulence genes in Streptococcus sobrinus isolated from dental caries

2025-05-19T20:48:28+01:00

Objective: Streptococcus sobrinus is a highly cariogenic, acidogenic, and strong biofilm-forming species. This may be the initial study to report the prevalence of eno1, atl, and S1 serine protease genes in S. sobrinus from Iraqi patients.

Methods: Carious tooth samples were obtained from patients between 6 and 60 years. Bacteria were isolated by conventional culture methods and were characterised by Gram staining, colony morphology, and biochemical properties. Twenty S. sobrinus isolates were additionally tested by PCR using primers specific for eno1 atl, and s1 family serine protease. The PCR products were examined by agarose gel electrophoresis.

Results: Bacterial growth was observed in 90 (81%) of the 110 samples. S. sobrinus was the most common (22.2%), followed by Lactobacillus spp., Enterococcus spp., Fusobacterium spp., and other species. The S. sobrinus isolates were Gram-positive, catalase-positive, non-motile, with sticky mucoid colonies. The eno1 gene was present in 7 of the 20 isolates (35%) as determined by PCR, indicating strain variation in distribution. The atl gene was present in 17 isolates (85%), and the S1 family serine protease gene, which was present in all the tested isolates (20; 100%), was conserved.

Conclusion: This research emphasises the prevalence of S. sobrinus in carious lesions and the variation of virulence gene distribution. The ubiquitous presence of S1 protease and the high incidence of atl suggest that they are fundamental to pathogenicity, although the presence of a percentage of eno1 implies genetic diversity. Identified virulence genes may guide early diagnostics and targeted preventive strategies for dental caries.

Molecular Detection and Virulence Gene Profiling of Enterococcus spp. in Pediatric Diarrheal Cases

2025-05-19T20:44:17+01:00

Objective: Enterococcus spp. are recognized as significant opportunistic pathogens in the pediatric diarrheal process, with varied virulence attributes and growing antimicrobial resistance. The objective of this study is to detect the species of Enterococcus spp. recovered from children with diarrhea in Iraq and to determine the distribution of some important virulence genes (esp, cylA, efaA, asa1, and gelE).

Methods: Two hundred stool samples were obtained from patients with diarrhea; among these, twenty phenotypical and biochemical Enterococcus isolates were selected. The bacterial DNA was extracted, and the 16S rRNA gene and virulence genes were amplified by PCR. The 16S rRNA amplicons were sequenced and aligned, and a phylogenetic tree was generated by MEGA11. The distribution of genes was evaluated by a Chi-square test.

Results: Phylogenetic analysis classified the isolates into two clades: 14 E. faecalis and 6 E. faecium strains, which were closely related to strains found in other countries. The detection rates by PCR for cylA and gelE (85%) were higher than those for esp (80%), efaA (75%), and asa1 (65%). Gene frequencies also did not differ significantly (χ² = 3.13, P = 0.537).

Conclusion: The Enterococcus isolates studied had several different virulence genes with cytolytic and biofilm-forming properties as the most abundant character. Species-level classification of the strains, as well as virulence profiling, was successfully achieved using the 16S rRNA gene and gene profiling. Genetic homology with other global strains implies widespread conservation and virulence traits.

Quantitative detection and virulence gene profiling of Prevotella intermedia and Porphyromonas gingivalis in periodontitis patients

2025-05-19T21:17:42+01:00

Objective: The present study was designed to determine the prevalence and detection of key virulence genes in individuals with gingivitis and periodontitis in Al-Diwaniyah Governorate and is one of the initial reports of fimA and adpC gene prevalence in Iraq.

Methods: Patients' age ranged from 18 to 68 years (mean = 36.77 years). Ninety clinical isolates were collected from these patients. The real-time PCR detected P. gingivalis and P. intermedia to calculate the number of bacterial loads [cycle threshold (Ct) values and copy numbers] and to detect the virulence factors fimA and adpC.

Results: The percentages of detection for P. intermedia and P. gingivalis were 82.22% and 34.44%, respectively. The differences were found independent of sex and age. The average age of infected participants was 36.47±8.67 and 39.16±8.31 years for P. intermedia and P. gingivalis, respectively. Cycle threshold values were 33.69±4.45 and 26.85±3.71, and loads were 533,612 and 745.95 copies, respectively. P. gingivalis was more abundant in subjects over 45 years, while P. Intermedia was more frequent in those over 65. The fimA gene was present in 60% of P. gingivalis isolates, and adpC in 70% of P. intermedia.

Conclusion: The percentage of P. intermedia was higher than that of P. gingivalis in periodontitis patients. The higher bacterial load with age indicated that cumulative tissue damage is involved. fimA and adpC genes were also particularly informative as they represent potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets. High P. intermedia prevalence suggests its role as a primary pathogen in periodontitis.

Protective Role of Resveratrol Against Isoproterenol-induced Myocardial Infarction in Male Rats

2025-05-29T00:07:11+01:00

Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate the protective effect of resveratrol against isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in male Sprague-Dawley rats.

Methods: The study included 40 rats aged 3 to 4 months, weighing 200 to 250 grams, randomly distributed into four groups. The first group (Control) received 1 ml of distilled water. The second group (Resveratrol) received 20 mg/kg orally at a dose of 2 ml daily. The third group (Isoproterenol) received 100 mg/kg intraperitoneally (IP). The fourth group, Res + ISO, received oral resveratrol (20 mg/kg/day) for 21 days. After resveratrol, they received IP injections of 100 mg/kg of ISO on days 20 and 21 of the resveratrol regimen for 21 days.

Results: The results showed that isoproterenol caused a significant increase in markers of oxidative stress (MDA), inflammation (TNF-α), triglyceride levels, cholesterol, and cardiac enzymes (CK-MB, cTnI, LDH), along with a decrease in total antioxidant activity (T-AOC). In contrast, treatment with resveratrol resulted in a significant improvement in these markers, as elevated values decreased and antioxidant levels returned to normal, indicating the effect of resveratrol in reducing oxidative and inflammatory damage. The group treated with both compounds showed intermediate results, demonstrating a clear protective role of resveratrol against the toxic effects of isoproterenol.

Conclusion: These findings suggest that resveratrol is a potential substance for avoiding cardiomyopathy and enhancing heart function in situations of oxidative and inflammatory stress since it has anti-hyperlipidemia, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory qualities.

The Role of Quercetin in Mitigating the Oxidative Stress and Hepatotoxicity Induced by Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) in Male Albino Rats

2025-06-07T10:07:50+01:00

Objective: Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a widely used food additive, but high-dose exposure has been linked to liver toxicity. This study assessed the protective effects of quercetin on MSG-induced hepatotoxicity in male albino rats.

Methods: Twenty male Sprague Dawley rats (200–250 g) were divided into four groups (n = 5/group). Group 1 received distilled water (control); Group 2 received quercetin (100 mg/kg/day) for three months; Group 3 received MSG (15 mg/kg/day) for three months; Group 4 received MSG for one month, followed by a 48-hour washout, then quercetin (100 mg/kg/day) for one month. Serum levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and liver enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP, GGT) were evaluated.

Results: MSG significantly increased MDA (3.65 ± 0.26 nmol/mL), TNF-α (3.71 ± 0.98 pg/mL), ALT (56.86 ± 3.64 U/L), AST (65.26 ± 3.65 U/L), ALP (146.10 ± 8.32 U/L), and GGT (5.84 ± 0.36 U/L), while decreasing T-AOC (2.76 ± 0.32 U/L) (p ≤ 0.05). Group 4 showed marked improvement: reduced MDA (2.78 ± 0.31 U/L), TNF-α (2.78 ± 0.37 pg/mL), ALT (21.75 ± 2.33 U/L), AST (31.54 ± 3.78 U/L), ALP (65.73 ± 6.42 U/L), GGT (2.99 ± 0.35 U/L), and increased T-AOC (2.78 ± 0.48 µmol/mL).

Conclusion: Quercetin significantly reduced MSG-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and liver enzyme elevation. These findings support its potential as a natural hepatoprotective agent.

The potential reno-protective effect of pirfenidone against renal ischemia/reperfusion injury in a mouse model

2025-06-09T14:58:11+01:00

Objective: This study aimed to assess whether pirfenidone offers protection to the kidneys in a mouse model subjected to renal ischemia-reperfusion injury, focusing particularly on its anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects.

Methods: Twenty-eight adult male mice were randomly divided into four groups of seven: Sham, Ischemia, Vehicle (DMSO), and Pirfenidone. We induced bilateral renal ischemia for 30 minutes, followed by 2 hours of reperfusion. Pirfenidone at a dose of 300 mg/kg or the vehicle was administered orally 30 minutes before ischemia. After reperfusion, serum and kidney tissues were collected to analyse markers of renal function, urea and creatinine, along with indicators of kidney damage (KIM-1), inflammation (IL-6), and apoptosis (caspase-3). Histological examination was also performed to evaluate tubular injury.

Results: The ischemia and vehicle groups showed considerably higher levels of serum creatinine, urea, and KIM-1, and increased levels of IL-6 and caspase-3 in kidney tissues, compared to the sham group (P<0.001). Treatment with pirfenidone resulted in decreased biochemical parameters when compared to the ischemia and vehicle groups (P<0.001). Histologically, kidneys from the pirfenidone group exhibited a markedly lower injury score (score 2) relative to the ischemia and vehicle groups (score 4), indicating less tubular damage. The sham group showed no important histological abnormalities, with an injury score of 0.

Conclusion: Pirfenidone demonstrates substantial protective effects against renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice, evidenced by improvements in biochemical markers and decreased tissue damage. This suggests that pirfenidone holds potential as a therapeutic agent for preventing or ameliorating acute kidney injury.

Comparative pathophysiological impact of Eimeria spp. infection in four avian species: A biochemical, haematological, and histological study

2025-06-08T08:25:46+01:00

Objective: Intestinal coccidiosis caused by Eimeria spp. represents a major parasitic disease affecting poultry and other avian species, leading to significant economic and health impacts. This study aimed to assess the biochemical, immunological, haematological, and histopathological alterations associated with Eimeria infection in four bird species: chicken, chicken rose, duck, and pigeon.

Methods: A total of 191 intestinal samples were microscopically examined, and biochemical parameters (AST, ALT, MDA, GSH), cytokine levels (IL-10), and blood indices (RBC, WBC) were measured. Histological sections from the duodenum, cecum, and mid-intestine were analysed using H&E staining to evaluate tissue damage.

Results: Overall infection prevalence reached 62.3%, with no significant difference among species (P = 0.577). Infected birds showed markedly elevated oxidative stress markers (AST, ALT, MDA), increased IL-10 levels, and significant haematological shifts, including leucocytosis and anaemia. Histologically, infected tissues exhibited severe pathological lesions such as villous atrophy, epithelial sloughing, inflammatory infiltration, and presence of parasitic cysts, with variable severity among species.

Conclusion: Eimeria spp. infection induces systemic and local alterations in affected birds, reflected in biochemical imbalances, immune activation, and histopathological damage. These findings underscore the importance of integrated diagnostic approaches that combine molecular, serological, and histological methods to improve detection, prevention, and control of coccidiosis in avian hosts.

Therapeutic and preventive effects of pumpkin seed extract on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats

2025-05-28T21:35:14+01:00

Objective: This experiment was designed to demonstrate the therapeutic and preventive effects of pumpkin seed extract against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity.

Methods: Forty male albino rats were randomly divided into five groups: control, gentamicin only, pumpkin seed extract only, gentamicin + pumpkin seed extract (treatment group), and pumpkin seed extract + gentamicin (preventive group). The pumpkin seed extract was administered orally at a dose of 500 mg/kg body weight.

Results: Gentamicin administration significantly increased serum levels of urea (~90%), creatinine (~80%), malondialdehyde (MDA, ~70%), and endothelin-1 (ET-1, ~65%), while reducing catalase (CAT) and glutathione (GSH) activities by approximately 45% and 50%, respectively, compared to controls. Co-administration of pumpkin seed extract, both preventively and therapeutically, significantly reversed these changes, restoring biochemical markers close to control levels. Histopathological evaluation confirmed the protective and reparative effects of the extract on kidney tissue.

Conclusion: Pumpkin seed extract (500 mg/kg) demonstrated both preventive and therapeutic potential in mitigating gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms.

Glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase in rats exposed to mercury after the addition of ir bagendit rice leaf water infusion

2025-06-18T12:34:01+01:00

Objective: The study objective was to determine the antioxidant levels of GSr, GPx, and CAT after adding rice leaf infusion to mice exposed to mercury.

Methods: Research method: Randomised post-test only control-group design in groups of experimental animals from male Rattus norvegicus according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis, and Bonferroni's Post Hoc statistical tests were used to test the differences between each group. The experimental animals consisted of 5 groups: negative control group, positive control group, and treatments 1, 2 and 3. Each group consisted of 8 experimental animals, totalling 40 experimental animals. The positive control group was only exposed to mercury. In contrast, the treatment group, apart from being exposed to mercury, was also exposed to IR Bagendit rice leaf infusion with various doses. The desired intervention was tried for 15 days. Examine GSr, GPx, and CAT using an experimental animal serum with the ELISA method.

Results: The results showed that the average levels of GSr, GPx, and CAT were higher in all treatment and negative control groups compared to the positive control group. Statistically, there was a significant difference in GPx (p=0.03) and CAT (0.02) levels. Furthermore, post hoc analysis using the Bonferroni test obtained significant differences in GPx and CAT levels between the positive and negative control groups and treatment 3.

Conclusion: In conclusion, there was an increase in antioxidant levels in the treatment group after adding water and IR Bagendit rice infusion.

Praliciguat alleviates ferroptosis and inflammation in renal ischemia/reperfusion injury by targeting the AMPK/ACC/PUFA pathway

2025-06-17T17:54:40+01:00

Objective: To investigate the reno-protective effects of praliciguat in a rat model of renal ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI), focusing on its modulation of the AMPK/ACC/PUFA pathway, ferroptosis, and inflammation.

Methods: Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to four groups (n = 6): sham, IRI, vehicle (DMSO), and praliciguat (3 mg/kg orally at 24 h and 1 h before ischemia). Renal IRI was induced by bilateral pedicle clamping for 40 minutes, followed by 2 hours of reperfusion. Blood and kidney tissues were collected at the end of reperfusion. Serum urea, creatinine, and NGAL levels, and renal tissue levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), AMPK, ACC, and PUFA were assessed. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc test.

Results: Compared to the IRI group, praliciguat significantly reduced serum urea (10.8 ± 1.4 vs. 19.6 ± 2.1 mmol/L, p = 0.0012), creatinine (122 ± 13 vs. 212 ± 18 µmol/L, p = 0.0027), and NGAL (88 ± 10 vs. 154 ± 12 ng/mL, p = 0.0039). It also lowered IL-1β (82 ± 9 vs. 136 ± 11 pg/mg, p = 0.0017), ACC (2.1 ± 0.3 vs. 3.6 ± 0.3 ng/mg, p = 0.0014), and PUFA (2.6 ± 0.3 vs. 4.8 ± 0.4 ng/mg, p = 0.0010), while restoring AMPK activity (1.14 ± 0.11 vs. 0.68 ± 0.10 ng/mg, p = 0.0022).

Conclusion: Praliciguat significantly attenuates renal IRI by enhancing AMPK activity and reducing ferroptosis and inflammation. These findings support its potential as a therapeutic agent in acute kidney injury and kidney transplantation.

Empagliflozin attenuates inflammation and myocardial injury in a murine model of sepsis

2025-07-01T16:40:57+01:00

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the cardioprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of Empagliflozin in a murine model of polymicrobial sepsis induced by caecal ligation and puncture (CLP).

Methods: Thirty-five male Swiss albino mice were randomly assigned into five groups (n = 7): control, sham, sepsis, vehicle (DMSO), and Empagliflozin (10 mg/kg/day for 3 days, intraperitoneally). Sepsis was induced via CLP. Blood and cardiac tissues were collected 24 hours post-CLP for analysis. Serum cardiac troponin I (cTn-I) and tissue levels of NF-κB, TNF-α, and FoxO3 were measured using ELISA. Histopathological evaluation of cardiac tissues was conducted and scored using a standardised injury scale.

Results: The sepsis and vehicle groups showed significantly elevated levels of cTn-I (4.13 ± 0.32 ng/mL and 4.08 ± 0.29 ng/mL), NF-κB, TNF-α, and FoxO3 compared to the control and sham groups (all p < 0.01). Empagliflozin treatment significantly reduced these markers (cTn-I: 2.15 ± 0.22 ng/mL; p = 0.012 vs. sepsis). Histologically, Empagliflozin-treated hearts showed reduced myocardial damage (score: 1.14 ± 0.18) compared to the sepsis (3.14 ± 0.26) and vehicle (3.00 ± 0.24) groups.

Conclusion: Empagliflozin attenuated cardiac inflammation and injury in a mouse model of sepsis. These preclinical findings support further mechanistic research and warrant clinical investigation of Empagliflozin as a potential adjunctive therapy in septic cardiomyopathy.

Resveratrol attenuates ANIT-induced cholestasis in rats via modulation of bilirubin, ALP, and IL-1β

2025-07-18T21:28:18+01:00

Objective: The study aimed to evaluate the protective and therapeutic effects of resveratrol on experimentally induced cholestasis and to provide new insights into the dual hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory mechanisms of resveratrol in cholestasis.

Method: Thirty male Wistar albino rats (270–330 g) obtained from the College of Science at Babylon University were housed in standard plastic cages (five per cage) under controlled conditions (12-hour light/dark cycles, 50% humidity, and 22–25°C temperature, with free access to water). After two weeks of acclimatisation, rats were randomly divided into three groups (n=10 per group). Group A served as the negative control, Group B received ANIT (α-naphthylisothiocyanate) (positive control), and Group C received Resveratrol treatment following ANIT exposure. After the treatment period, all rats were sacrificed, and blood samples were collected for biochemical and inflammatory marker analysis.

Results: Total bilirubin (TBIL) levels were significantly reduced in the resveratrol-treated group (1.09 ± 0.18 µmol/L) compared to the cholestasis group (1.98 ± 0.48 µmol/L) (TBIL: p=0.05). Serum IL-1β levels also showed a significant decrease (16.99 ± 2.41 pg/mL vs. 26.07 ± 3.52 pg/mL) (IL-1β: p=0.03). Additionally, ALP levels were significantly reduced in the resveratrol group (16.24 ± 2.81 IU/L) compared to the cholestasis group (50.14 ± 3.16 IU/L) (ALP: p=0.001). These findings demonstrate that resveratrol exerts both anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective effects.

Conclusion: Resveratrol effectively attenuates ANIT-induced cholestasis in rats, likely through the reduction of ALP and bilirubin levels, and modulation of the inflammatory response via IL-1β inhibition.

Therapeutic effects of Acetyl-11-Keto-Beta-Boswellic Acid (AKBA) on autism-like behaviours and oxidative stress in a valproic acid-induced mouse model

2025-07-30T10:48:52+01:00

Objective: To evaluate the effects of AKBA on behavioural abnormalities and oxidative stress markers in a valproic acid (VPA)-induced mouse model of ASD.

Methods: Pregnant mice received a single intraperitoneal injection of VPA (600 mg/kg) on gestational day 12 to induce ASD-like behaviours in offspring. Postnatal mice were treated orally for 20 days with AKBA (5 mg/kg or 15 mg/kg), risperidone (1 mg/kg), or saline. Behavioural assessment was performed using the open field test. Brain tissues were analysed for oxidative stress biomarkers, malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), and the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6).

Results: VPA-exposed mice exhibited significantly increased anxiety-like behaviour, grooming, and oxidative stress compared to controls (p ≤ 0.001). AKBA treatment significantly reduced line crossings and grooming behaviour while increasing latency in the central zone, suggesting anxiolytic effects. Biochemically, AKBA significantly decreased MDA and IL-6 levels and increased GSH concentrations compared to VPA-only mice. These effects were dose-dependent and comparable to or exceeded those of risperidone.

Conclusion: AKBA demonstrated significant anxiolytic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects in a mouse model of autism. These findings suggest that AKBA may represent a potential therapeutic candidate for managing ASD-related behaviours and oxidative stress.

Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, and Molecular Docking of Novel Pyrazole-Nitrone Derivatives as EGFR-targeted Anticancer Agents

2025-08-02T06:07:11+01:00

Objective: This study aimed to design, synthesise, and characterise some novel pyrazole-nitrone derivatives and evaluate their potential as anticancer agents targeting EGFR-expressing lung cancer cells. Biological evaluation included cytotoxicity assessment against A549 (lung cancer) and HdFn (normal fibroblast) cell lines, alongside in-silico docking and ADME profiling to predict drug-likeness and pharmacokinetic behaviour. We hypothesised that the presence of electron-donating groups (EDGs) at the para position of the aryl ring would enhance the cytotoxicity and selectivity of the nitrone derivatives by improving their interaction with EGFR and reducing off-target toxicity.

Methods: The synthesis started with the Vilsmeier-Haack reaction to prepare 4-formyl-3-(3-nitrophenyl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole. N-substituted phenylhydroxylamines were obtained by reducing nitrobenzene derp tolylivatives, followed by condensation with the aldehyde to afford nitrones. The synthesised compounds were evaluated for anticancer activity against A549 lung cancer cells and HdFn normal dermal fibroblast cells using the MTT assay. Additionally, molecular docking studies were performed to investigate interactions with the EGFR tyrosine kinase.

Results: The IC₅₀ values indicated that compound 7a exhibited the most potent activity, with an IC₅₀ of 85.62 µg/mL against A549 cells and a high selectivity index (SI) of 5.5. Pre-ADME in silico analyses showed favourable oral bioavailability and no predicted CNS side effects for all tested compounds.

Conclusion: Spectroscopic data from FT-IR, ¹H-NMR, and ¹³C-NMR confirmed successful target compound syntheses. Biological evaluation revealed that compound 7a demonstrated promising anticancer activity with a favourable selectivity index (SI = 5.5) toward cancer cells over normal cells, indicating its potential as a promising EGFR-targeted therapeutic agent.

Exposure to surgical plumes induces histo-hepato-renal and ovarian disruptions, and the protective role of an antioxidant cocktail in experimental rats

2025-08-16T11:57:00+01:00

Objective: Among the leading causes of liver/kidney disease and ovarian failure in reproductive-aged women, inflammation and oxidative stress have been reported to aggravate organ complications induced by several factors, including surgical plumes. Vitamins A, C and E are well documented to improve the antioxidant defence system. This study hypothesised the toxic exposure of ovaries to surgical plume and the therapeutic effect of antioxidants.

Method: Adult female Wistar rats were randomly assigned into four groups: control (CONT), surgical plume (SUPM), antioxidant (ANTO), and SUPM + ANTO groups. Surgical plume was simulated in an enclosed chamber, while administration of the antioxidant was for 28 days (20 mg/kg, p.o.). Thereafter, the animals were sacrificed, and the liver, kidney and ovaries were collected for histological examination.

Result: Histological analysis revealed the SUPM group exhibited severe expression of Kupffer cells (hepatic inflammation) as well as macrophage infiltration in the Bowman’s space (renal inflammation. Similarly, ovarian tissue showed degenerated follicles when compared with control animals. Nevertheless, administration of an antioxidant cocktail decreased the Kupffer cells and macrophages in the liver and kidney, respectively, and reversed degenerated ovarian follicles when compared with the untreated SUPM group.

Conclusion: Surgical plume exposure compromises hepatic/renal and ovarian tissue to cellular inflammation and oxidative stress, which contributes to cellular apoptosis. The present study revealed that antioxidant administration elicited protective effects in mitigating plume-induced hepatorenal and ovarian toxicity. The findings further highlight the urgent need for plume evacuation systems, enhanced ventilation, and protective measures to safeguard reproductive health among healthcare workers.

Protective effects of sodium copper chlorophyllin on chlorpyrifos-induced thyroid toxicity in adult female rats

2025-08-13T13:49:04+01:00

Objective: Chlorpyrifos (CP), a prevalent organophosphorus pesticide, is deposited in crops and poses a significant risk to human and animal health, particularly the thyroid. This paper investigated the preventive benefits of sodium copper chlorophyllin (SCC), an aqueous derivative of chlorophyll with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, against CP-induced thyroid damage in rats.

Method:

Group 1 (Control), Group 2 (CP, 6.7mg/kg), Group 3 (SCC, 50 mg/kg), Group 4 (CP + SCC Low Dose, 6.7 mg/kg CP+ 50 mg/kg SCC), and Group 5 (CP + SCC High Dose, 6.7 mg/kg CP+ 100 mg/kg SCC) were randomly assigned to 30 adult rats. Oral, daily treatments lasted six weeks. After taking blood samples, thyroid hormone (T3, T4, TSH) and inflammation parameters (IL-10, TNF-2) were measured and thyroid tissues were histopathologically examined.

Results:

CP exposure lowered serum T3, T4, TSH, and cytokines via increasing IL-10 and decreasing TNF-alpha. SCC alone contributed little. SCC decreased CP's effects on hormones (T3, T4, and TSH) and inflammatory cytokines (IL-10, TNF-a) when used together. Histopathological results confirmed biochemical results.

Conclusion:

SCC protects the thyroid from CP aspiration due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. More research is needed to prove its medical value.

Development of a spectroscopic approach for the estimation of glimepiride by oxidation reaction in an acidic environment and measurement of the area under the absorption curve using the UV-visible technique

2025-08-22T13:06:34+01:00

Objective: This study aimed to develop and validate a simple spectrophotometric method for the determination of glimepiride (GLM) in pharmaceutical tablets, based on the formation of a colored complex with potassium permanganate in an acidic medium. Both direct absorbance measurement at the λ_max of the complex and the Under Absorption Curve (UAC) approach were applied to enhance reliability and sensitivity

Method: All experimental conditions were optimised to achieve the best analytical response. The area under the absorption curve (UAC) was measured for both the pure drug and the colourimetric reaction product as a supporting tool for quantitative estimation.

Results: The method demonstrated good linearity across a range of concentrations with high precision from (0.5–15) µg/mL, linearity was (R²=0.997), low detection limits (LOD = 0.166) µg/mL, and scientifically acceptable recovery rates Rec % (101.291). The colourimetric reaction had a higher absorbance at λ_max (400nm) and a significantly larger area under the absorption curve (UAC) of 33.656, confirming the occurrence of the chemical reaction and the formation of a coloured product responsible for the absorption.

Conclusion: The proposed spectrophotometric method, using either direct absorbance at λmax or UAC determination, provides a precise, sensitive, and economical procedure suitable for routine quality control of GLM in pharmaceutical formulation.

Biochemical and molecular effects of atorvastatin and rosuvastatin on insulin sensitivity in rats

2025-08-31T00:32:04+01:00

Objective: To evaluate the effects of atorvastatin and rosuvastatin on glucose regulation and insulin sensitivity in rats, focusing on biochemical, histological, and molecular changes.

Methods: Thirty male albino rats were randomised into three groups (n=10 each): control, atorvastatin (80 mg/kg), and rosuvastatin (40 mg/kg). Treatments were given orally for 30 days. Serum insulin, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), and fasting blood glucose (FBG) were measured. Pancreatic tissue was examined histologically. The molecular signalling pathway was studied by measuring the gene expression of protein kinase B (AKT) and Insulin-responsive glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle.

Results: [Atorvastatin treatment was associated with an initial reduction in fasting blood glucose and improvement in insulin sensitivity. However, by day 30, this group showed reduced glucose tolerance, increased insulin resistance, and β-cell alterations. These metabolic changes were accompanied by a transient early upregulation of AKT and GLUT4 expression in adipose tissue, which declined by the end of the study. In contrast, rosuvastatin treatment was associated with early improvement in glycaemic markers and preserved glucose tolerance, with histological changes observed in pancreatic tissue. Molecular analysis in this group showed a modest early upregulation of AKT and GLUT4 in skeletal muscle.

Conclusion: Atorvastatin and rosuvastatin exert distinct effects on glucose metabolism. While rosuvastatin showed a more stable metabolic profile, prolonged high-dose atorvastatin was associated with insulin resistance and β-cell changes.

Distribution and prevalence of Periplaneta Americana in urban households of Ramadi, Iraq

2025-05-29T00:08:07+01:00

Objective: Cockroaches (order Blattodea) comprise over 4,000 species worldwide, of which approximately 20 to 30 are recognised as significant domestic pests. In the Arab region, cockroaches are among the oldest known insects, exhibiting remarkable resilience and adaptability. Certain species demonstrate synchronised life cycles and are widely distributed, maintaining close biological associations with humans, animals, and food sources.

Methods: Between November 2024 and April 2025, cockroach specimens were systematically collected from household kitchens across 32 municipal districts in Ramadi, western Iraq. A total of 1,150 specimens were obtained and identified to the species level. Each specimen was also categorised by life stage (nymph or adult). Statistical analyses were conducted to evaluate differences in species distribution across the study areas.

Results: Periplaneta americana was the most prevalent species, accounting for 68.01% of the total specimens, followed by Blatta orientalis (19.22%) and Blattella germanica (12.77%). In all three species, nymphs constituted the majority: 62.87% in P. americana, 61.54% in B. orientalis, and 60.65% in B. germanica. The differences in species distribution were statistically highly significant (P ≤ 0.01).

Conclusion: This study examines the spread of Periplaneta americana in Ramadi and the environmental factors driving its presence. Its dominance and high nymph count indicate ideal conditions for reproduction. Effective control, via integrated pest management, can reduce disease transmission, allergies, and improve sanitation and public health by minimising infestation-related risks.

Analysis of IL-6 and IL-8 gene polymorphisms and their association with cytokine levels in sinus infections

2025-05-29T07:42:40+01:00

Objective: Sinusitis is a common inflammatory condition influenced by both genetic predisposition and variations in immune responses. Among the key regulators of inflammation, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) play pivotal roles in coordinating immune signalling and leukocyte recruitment. This study investigated whether polymorphisms in the IL-6 and IL-8 genes are associated with susceptibility to sinus infections and whether these genetic variants influence circulating cytokine levels.

Methods: A total of 48 patients with sinus infections and 48 matched healthy controls were genotyped for IL-6 (-174 G/C) and IL-8 (-251 A/T) polymorphisms using Amplification Refractory Mutation System-Polymerase Chain Reaction (ARMS-PCR). Serum cytokine levels (IL-10, IL-1α, and IFN-γ) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Statistical comparisons were performed using Chi-square tests, t-tests, and odds ratio analyses.

Results: Significantly elevated levels of IL-10 (2.88 ± 0.69 pg/ml) and IL-1α (12.99 ± 1.03 pg/ml) were observed in patients compared to controls (0.436 ± 0.09 pg/ml and 5.54 ± 2.05 pg/ml, respectively; P = 0.002). The IL-6 GG genotype was present in 75% of patients but only 4.16% of controls, while the IL-8 TT genotype was found exclusively in patients. Protective genotypes (IL-6 GC and IL-8 AT) were more frequent in controls. Although cytokine levels did not differ significantly by genotype, trends suggested a more pro-inflammatory profile among high-risk genotypes.

Conclusion: IL-6 and IL-8 gene polymorphisms may influence susceptibility to sinus infections by modulating host immune responses. These variants may serve as potential biomarkers for identifying individuals at elevated risk for chronic or recurrent sinusitis.

Immunological changes associated with post-surgical gram-negative bacterial infections

2025-05-29T07:48:14+01:00

Objective: Post-surgical bacterial infections provoke immune responses mediated by various cytokines. This study aimed to assess immunological changes by measuring serum levels of IL-2, IL-7, IL-10, and IL-17 in post-surgical patients with bacterial infections and comparing them with non-infected post-surgical patients and healthy controls.

Methods: In this prospective, single-centre investigation, we analysed serum cytokine levels across three distinct groups: (1) patients with post-surgical bacterial infections, primarily involving Klebsiella pneumoniae; (2) non-infected post-surgical patients (surgical controls); and (3) healthy individuals (baseline controls). Serum cytokine levels were measured using ELISA. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA to identify group differences, and ROC curve analysis was used to evaluate diagnostic performance.

Results: Serum analysis revealed significantly elevated levels of all measured cytokines in post-surgical patients with bacterial infections compared to surgical controls and healthy individuals (p < 0.001). IL-2 levels reached 363.6 ± 38.5 pg/mL in infected patients, compared to 225.8 ± 24.5 pg/mL in non-infected post-surgical patients and 151.6 ± 24.4 pg/mL in healthy controls. Similarly, IL-7, IL-10, and IL-17 levels were substantially higher in infected individuals. ROC analysis showed excellent diagnostic accuracy, with IL-2 and IL-10 demonstrating an AUC of 1.000.

Conclusion: Post-surgical bacterial infections lead to clear immunological changes. Cytokine profiling, particularly that of IL-2 and IL-10, could serve as a biomarker for early detection and better treatment of these infections. These observations indicate that IL-2 and IL-10 could potentially act as reliable biomarkers for the early detection and ongoing assessment of infections following surgery.

Molecular detection of ESBL genes in urinary pathogens from hospitalised and community patients in Ogun State, Nigeria

2025-05-07T11:05:50+01:00

Objectives: The emergence of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBL) enzymes in Enterobacteriaceae in hospitals and communities has led to therapeutic failures and increased treatment costs globally. This study isolated and identified ESBL genes from the urine samples of hospitalised patients in two selected hospitals and people living in the Oyan Dam Community, all in Ogun State, Nigeria.

Methods: A total of 416 urine samples were collected and cultured, and the isolates were identified using API 20E. Antibiotic Susceptibility Test was carried out to identify Multi-drug Resistant (MDR) bacteria using the disc diffusion method. ESBL-resistant genes were identified using TEM-1, Sulfhydryl Variable, and Cefotaxime Hydrolysing Capabilities (CTX-M) specific primers.

Results: A total of 167 (40.14%) Gram-negative bacilli were isolated. Escherichia coli 104 (62.3%), Klebsiella pneumoniae 10 (6.0%), Klebsiella ozaenae 21 (12.6%), and other bacteria were identified. A total of 106 (63.5%) isolates were identified as MDR, out of which 75 (70.8%) were Escherichia coli and five (4.7%) were Klebsiella pneumoniae. The isolates were highly resistant to ceftazidime, cefixime, gentamicin, cefuroxime and ofloxacin. ESBL production was observed in 96 (90.6%), TEM-1 gene 63 (65.6%) was predominant, CTX-M 33 (34.4%) co-existed with TEM and no SHV gene was identified.

Conclusion: This study has revealed that people in their homes may be more predisposed to drug resistance, and this may constitute a public health threat that requires social interventions. E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates are the most prevalent causative agents in the communities, as with hospital infections.

Assessment of maternal health service readiness and availability in primary-level facilities in Nigeria: A Cross-sectional Study

2025-05-27T14:41:30+01:00

Objective: This study aimed to assess maternal health service readiness and availability in primary-level facilities in Nigeria.

Methodology: A facility-based cross-sectional study was carried out in Jigawa, Lagos, and Oyo states in Nigeria. We included Kiyawa and Dutse LGAs in Jigawa state, Lagelu and Ibadan Southwest LGAs in Oyo State and Ikorodu LGA in Lagos State. In total, we included 43 PHCs and 13 TBAs across all 3 states. The WHO Service Availability and Readiness Assessment (SARA) form was used as the model for the data collection instrument.

Result: According to our data, there is a significant shortage of healthcare human resources across PHCs in the 3 states. Most PHCs and TBAs in the three states offer prenatal care services and prescribe iron supplements and folic acid. Additionally, most of the facilities lack essential equipment. Moreover, most TBAs in this study lack Infection, Prevention, and Control (IPC) materials, and they also do not offer intermittent preventive therapy (IPTp) for malaria and tetanus toxoids to their clients.

Conclusion: Following the WHO health system building blocks, to construct composite units across different domains, this study revealed that the Nigerian government must collaborate with all stakeholders to ensure provision of a minimum standard of care in terms of health infrastructure, human resources for health and service provision at all PHCs across the country.

30-minute versus 60-minute oxytocin incremental interval protocols for induction of labour in low parity women: a comparative study

2025-04-20T18:40:07+01:00

Objective: This study compared the efficacy and safety of 30-minute and 60-minute incremental protocols of oxytocin infusion for the induction of labour in women of low parity.

Methods: A hospital-based comparative cross-sectional study was carried out in two health facilities in Ogun State, Nigeria, between January 2021 and November 2022. Women admitted for induction of labour at term (n=260) were grouped and compared based on the oxytocin interval protocol used. The primary outcome of the study was successful vaginal delivery rate. Secondary outcomes included induction to onset of adequate uterine contraction interval, induction to delivery interval, uterine hyperstimulation, foetal distress and Apgar scores. Data was analysed using SPSS version 26. P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results: Successful vaginal delivery rates were 93.8% and 96.9% for the 30-minute and 60-minute oxytocin induction protocols, respectively. The mean induction–onset of adequate uterine contraction interval was significantly lower in the 30-minute group when compared to the 60-minute group (P<0.001). Uterine hyperstimulation was significantly higher among women in the 30-minute group (16; 12.3%) when compared to those in the 60-minute group (2; 1.5%) (P<0.001). The occurrence of foetal distress and Apgar scores were comparable in the two groups.

Conclusion: Both 30-minute and 60-minute oxytocin incremental interval protocols for induction of labour are associated with high success rates and a good safety profile.

Epidemiological survey and chromatographic profiling of ligands associated with Schistosoma haematobium infection in Oke-Alafia, Ondo State, Nigeria

2025-06-18T12:49:47+01:00

Objective: Nigeria is the world's most endemic country for schistosomiasis, with the disease burden second only to malaria globally.

Objective: This study aimed to survey Schistosoma haematobium infection in Oke-Alafia, Ondo State, and identify ligands associated with urinary schistosomiasis.

Methods: A cross-sectional survey of 400 participants was conducted in the Oke-Alafia community to assess the distribution of Schistosoma haematobium infection and identify associated ligands. Microscopy and cultural techniques were employed on urine samples from randomly selected subjects to detect S. haematobium and exclude bacterial infections. Statistical analysis used the Chi-square test (p < 0.05).

Results: The prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis was 18.75%. The most abundant ligands in infected urine samples included Methyl 4-hydroxybutyl, Trimethyl Silyl, Thiazole, 2-Pyrrolidinone, 1-methyl, and Piperidine. Statistical analysis showed no significant difference in ligand abundance related to urinary schistosomiasis (X² = 1.7312; P > 0.05). In contrast, normal urine samples (without parasitic or bacterial infections) had five distinct ligands, including Hydrazine carbothioamide, Dihydroartemisinic acid, and Silane, with significant differences in abundance (X²= 5.242; P < 0.05).

Conclusion: Identified ligands may serve as potential biomarkers for rapid diagnostic methods in urinary schistosomiasis.

Interleukin-38 levels and haematological alterations in Giardiasis patients: A case-control study

2025-06-21T16:03:48+01:00

Objective: Giardiasis, caused by the protozoan Giardia lamblia, remains a globally prevalent parasitic infection linked to considerable morbidity, especially in children. This study assessed serum levels of interleukin-38 (IL-38) and haematological parameters in patients with confirmed G. lamblia infection.

Methods: A total of 90 participants (45 confirmed G. lamblia cases and 45 healthy controls) were recruited between September 2023 and March 2024. Stool microscopy confirmed giardiasis. Blood samples were analysed using standard haematology analysers and ELISA for IL-38.

Results: IL-38 concentrations were numerically higher in infected patients (49.39 ± 4.11 pg/mL) compared to controls (39.59 ± 2.54 pg/mL); however, the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.08). Haematological analysis showed significantly higher PCV and MCV in patients (p < 0.05), while MCHC was significantly lower. RBC count and haemoglobin levels did not differ significantly.

The gender-based distribution of giardiasis indicated a slightly higher infection rate among males (54.0%) compared to females (45.0%), but this difference was not statistically significant (χ² = 0.720; p = 0.3961).

Conclusion: Although IL-38 levels showed an upward trend in giardiasis patients, this was not statistically significant. The significant changes in PCV, MCV, and MCHC suggest potential diagnostic utility for monitoring giardiasis progression; however, further studies are needed to confirm the role of IL-38 in giardiasis. Improved sanitation and public awareness remain critical for reducing giardiasis prevalence.

Serum levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-33 in patients with ascending pyelonephritis: A case-control study in Al-Najaf City

2025-06-23T08:01:14+01:00

Objective: Ascending pyelonephritis (APN) is a serious upper urinary tract infection that may lead to immune-mediated inflammation. This study aimed to compare the serum levels of three cytokines, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and interleukin-33 (IL-33), in patients with pyelonephritis versus healthy individuals. The study also assessed differences between acute and chronic pyelonephritis cases and evaluated the diagnostic utility of these cytokines using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis.

Methodology: A case-control study was conducted from September 2024 to January 2025, enrolling 120 participants: 60 patients with pyelonephritis (30 acute, 30 chronic) and 60 healthy controls. Serum levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-33 were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

Results: TNF-α levels were significantly elevated in patients compared to controls (36.23 ± 64.12 pg/ml vs. 21.68 ± 18.52 pg/ml; p = 0.023). IL-1β levels also showed a significant increase (15.17 ± 27.82 pg/ml vs. 8.04 ± 7.00 pg/ml; p = 0.001). Similarly, IL-33 levels were higher in patients (23.19 ± 36.88 pg/ml) compared to controls (12.52 ± 8.96 pg/ml; p = 0.001). Chronic cases exhibited significantly higher cytokine levels than acute cases. ROC analysis revealed that TNF-α and IL-1β had strong diagnostic potential, while IL-33 demonstrated limited utility.

Conclusion: TNF-α and IL-1β are promising biomarkers for the diagnosis and monitoring of pyelonephritis, whereas IL-33 may have limited diagnostic relevance. TNF-α and IL-1β may serve as adjunct biomarkers for diagnosing pyelonephritis, particularly in chronic cases.

Phenotypic and molecular characterisation of efflux pump genes in clinical isolates of Serratia marcescens

2025-06-29T22:27:09+01:00

Objective: This study focuses on identifying and understanding efflux pump genes in Serratia marcescens bacteria collected from clinical samples. We aimed to ascertain how these bacteria resist antibiotics by characterising their outward features and genetic makeup.

Methods: We examined twenty isolates of S. marcescens, from urinary tract infections, diarrheal cases, and blood infections. To identify these bacteria, we used standard laboratory tests. We then tested whether they had active efflux pumps with a simple dye-based method called the ethidium bromide-agar cartwheel test. After that, we extracted their DNA and used PCR to look for five specific genes linked to efflux activity: SdeXY-Y, SsmE, SdeCDE-D, SdeAB-B, and LUXR. We applied the usual PCR conditions with primers designed for each gene.

Results: Our results showed that nearly half of the isolates (8 out of 20) had active efflux pumps. The LUXR gene was found in all the bacteria, making it the most common. The SdeCDE-D gene was present in 95% of samples, SdeAB-B in 90%, SdeXY-Y in 60%, and SsmE in 45%. The presence of these genes varied depending on the type of sample, with the highest occurrence in blood and urinary tract infections. To review, we confirmed that multiple efflux pump genes are present in clinical S. marcescens isolates. Notably, LUXR, SdeCDE-D, and SdeAB-B are the most widespread.

Conclusion: These findings suggest that efflux pumps could play an important role in antibiotic resistance, emphasising the need for ongoing genetic monitoring for optimal management of multidrug-resistant infections.

Molecular detection of virulence and carbapenem resistance genes in clinical isolates of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa from Iraqi hospitals

2025-07-05T10:05:24+01:00

Objective: This study aimed to assess the molecular prevalence of six key resistance and virulence genes, toxA, oprL, KPC, vim2, hlyA, and vanB2, in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates obtained from clinical sources in selected Iraqi hospitals.

Methods: A total of 200 clinical specimens were collected from three hospitals in Iraq. Of these, 25 isolates were confirmed as P. aeruginosa based on culture and biochemical identification. All 25 isolates were subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect the six target genes. PCR amplification products were analysed by gel electrophoresis. Statistical associations between gene presence and sample sources were evaluated using chi-square tests.

Results: All 25 isolates tested positive for toxA and oprL, indicating their ubiquity and potential utility as diagnostic markers. The KPC gene was detected in 84% (21/25) of the isolates, highlighting a high prevalence of carbapenem resistance. No amplification was observed for vim2, hlyA, or vanB2 in any of the isolates. Significant associations were found between gene presence and hospital or specimen source (χ² = 136.52, p < 0.00001).

Conclusion: The detection of KPC alongside the universal presence of toxA and oprL genes underscores the clinical importance of these markers in Iraqi hospital settings. The absence of vim2, hlyA, and vanB2 may reflect regional genomic patterns. These findings emphasise the need for molecular diagnostics, enhanced infection control, and ongoing antimicrobial resistance surveillance to inform treatment protocols and policy.

Impact of a nutrition-based educational intervention on kindergarten teachers' knowledge of complementary feeding: A randomised controlled trial

2025-07-06T16:51:53+01:00

Objective: This study evaluates the effectiveness of a nutrition-based educational intervention in improving kindergarten teachers' knowledge of complementary feeding (CF) practices.

Methods: A randomised controlled trial was conducted from September 2024 to July 2025 among 100 kindergarten teachers from six public kindergartens in Ramadi, Iraq. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) to either an intervention or control group using a computer-generated simple randomisation sequence. The intervention group received a four-session, evidence-based nutrition education program focused on CF, while the control group received no training during the study period. Teachers’ knowledge was assessed using a validated 10-item questionnaire at baseline, immediately post-intervention, and six weeks later. Data were analysed using repeated measures ANOVA, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05.

Results: At baseline, both groups had similarly poor CF knowledge (mean score: 21.92 ± 1.70 vs. 21.90 ± 2.37; p = 0.96). Post-intervention, the experimental group’s mean score increased significantly to 45.54 ± 2.22 (p < 0.001), with 100% attaining "good" knowledge. These gains were sustained at six weeks (mean score: 45.34 ± 2.16), while the control group showed no significant change over time (p = 0.600). The intervention yielded a large effect size (Cohen’s d > 9.0).

Conclusion: Nutrition education interventions can significantly and sustainably improve kindergarten teachers’ knowledge of complementary feeding. Integrating such training into teacher development programs may enhance child nutrition outcomes, particularly in socio-cultural contexts where educators serve as trusted community figures.

Association between perceived spousal support and the quality of life of women with breast and gynaecological cancers in Nigeria: A cross-sectional study

2025-05-19T16:35:24+01:00

Objective: This study examined the association between perceived spousal support and the quality of life (QoL) among Nigerian women undergoing treatment for breast and gynaecological cancers. It aimed to assess how emotional, practical, financial, and health-related support from spouses influences patients’ physical, psychological, social, and spiritual well-being.

Method: A cross-sectional descriptive survey was conducted among 133 Nigerian women receiving treatment for breast or gynaecological cancers. Data were collected online using structured questionnaires, including a 20-item spousal support scale and the City of Hope Quality of Life-Brief Instrument. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square tests, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression analyses were performed using SPSS version 17.

Results: The majority of respondents reported low to very low levels of emotional (58.7%), practical (66.2%), and financial (68.4%) spousal support. Significant impairments were observed across all QoL domains, especially psychological and social well-being. A moderate-to-strong positive correlation was found between perceived spousal support and overall QoL (r = 0.49, p = 0.0496), with the strongest correlation in the psychological domain (r = 0.51, p = 0.0291). Regression analysis showed that spousal support significantly predicted overall QoL (β = 0.38, p < 0.01), accounting for 31% of the variance.

Conclusion: Perceived spousal support plays a critical role in enhancing the quality of life for women with breast and gynaecological cancers in Nigeria. Interventions to improve partner engagement and reduce caregiving burden may improve clinical and psychosocial outcomes in this population.

Effect of cold plasma on some virulence factors in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from clinical cases

2025-07-07T20:01:10+01:00

Objective: Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections pose a significant challenge due to their ability to resist various antibiotics and form biofilms. Excessive antibiotic use accelerates the development of multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa, which is further enhanced by its ability to form biofilms. Therefore, alternative treatment options are needed to control antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation. Cold plasma contains a mixture of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, which directly kill bacteria, modify virulence factors, and enhance innate immune responses. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of cold plasma on P. aeruginosa antibiotic resistance and ability to form biofilms.

Methods: Clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa were exposed to cold plasma for different periods (3, 6, and 9 minutes). Changes in susceptibility to several antibiotics were assessed using the disk diffusion method, and biofilm formation was examined using crystal violet staining.

Results: The results demonstrated the clear effectiveness of cold plasma against antibiotic resistance and the biofilm-forming ability of P. aeruginosa. The effectiveness of the tested antibiotics was increased, and the bacteria lost their ability to form biofilms by 100%. The results support the idea of using cold plasma technology as an alternative to antibiotics to eliminate pathogenic and antibiotic-resistant bacteria, thereby treating diseases associated with these bacteria.

Conclusions: The results demonstrated the potential of using cold plasma technology as an alternative to antibiotics to treat diseases associated with this bacterium.

Characterization of multi-drug resistance and virulence genes from Gram-negative bacteria isolates from street-vended fruits

2025-06-18T13:01:04+01:00

Abstract

Study objectives: To determine the prevalence and characterize multi-drug resistance and its virulence genes from Gram-negative bacteria isolates from street-vended fruits and salads.

Method: Street-vended RTE fruits were sampled from five popular markets and locations (Watt, Marian, Edim-Otop, Highway, and Goldie/Etta Agbor), from which a total of 60 RTE fruit and 30 salad samples were collected, and subsequent microbiological analysis was all done using standard protocols. The multi-drug-resistant (MDR) isolates (n = 12) were profiled for SHV, CTX-M, and icaC genes.

Results: The identified MDR isolates were Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia (n = 2), Morganella morganii (n = 6), Enterobacter cloaca, Acinetobacter baumanii, and Proteus mirabilis. A total of five (5) were positive for the IcaC and the SHV genes, while six (6) were positive for the CTX-M genes. Half (n = 50%) of the M. morganii showed the presence of all three genes.

Conclusion: With the ability of bacteria isolates to spread resistance genes among themselves, there is an urgent need for studies that holistically address all the lacunae, especially their sources in fruits, and ways to mitigate their spread, given the huge public health implications of these genes in these pathogens.

Determinants of Unwanted Pregnancies Among Pregnant Women Attending Primary Health Care Centres in Kirkuk, Iraq: A Cross-Sectional Study

2025-07-21T10:17:17+01:00

Objective: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of unwanted pregnancies and examine associated socio-demographic and contraceptive-related factors among pregnant women attending primary healthcare centres in Kirkuk, Iraq, between December 2024 and February 2025.

Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted involving 500 pregnant women selected through purposive sampling across 20 primary healthcare centres and three hospitals. Data were collected via a structured, pretested questionnaire administered through face-to-face interviews. Descriptive and inferential statistics were performed using SPSS version 27. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05 with a 99% confidence interval.

Results: The prevalence of unwanted pregnancies was 30.4%. Most women in this group were aged 24–29 years, resided in urban areas, and had lower educational and income levels compared to those with planned pregnancies. Despite 82.0% of women with unwanted pregnancies reporting previous contraceptive use, over half (52.0%) relied on withdrawal, and 9.6% used lactational amenorrhea methods with high failure rates. A significant association was found between contraceptive method type, duration of use, and pregnancy intention (p = 0.003 to 0.008).

Conclusion: Unwanted pregnancies remain a significant concern in Kirkuk, with a substantial proportion linked to reliance on less effective contraceptive methods. Enhanced access to long-acting reversible contraceptives, improved counselling, and integration of comprehensive family planning education into antenatal care are recommended to reduce unintended pregnancies and support reproductive autonomy.

Developing an AI Algorithm to Automatically Detect Early Radiographic Changes of Tooth Mobility in Patients with Bruxism

2025-07-19T08:56:56+01:00

Objective: To develop an artificial intelligence (AI) algorithm capable of automatically detecting early radiographic signs of tooth mobility in patients diagnosed with bruxism, thereby facilitating earlier intervention and personalised risk stratification.

Methods: Digital periapical radiographs (n=3200) for upper and lower posterior teeth acquired from adult patients (≥ 18y, n=1200) who were with clinically diagnosed sleep and awake bruxism. Gold standard labels were generated by a panel of three board-certified dento-maxillofacial radiologists who reached consensus on the presence of key early mobility markers. A U Net variant with an EfficientNet B3 backbone was trained using focal Tversky loss.

Results: On the test set (n = 3500 images), the algorithm achieved an overall AUC of 0.941 (95 % CI, 0.932–0.949), sensitivity of 0.884, and specificity of 0.903 for detecting ≥ 1 early mobility marker. Expert readers exhibited AUCs ranging from 0.769 to 0.916. The algorithm outperformed junior readers across all metrics (p < 0.001) and demonstrated non-inferiority to senior readers (ΔAUC = 0.008, p = 0.17). Visual saliency analysis confirmed that model attention co-localised with radiologist-defined regions of interest.

Conclusion: The suggested algorithm shows reliable identification of subtle radiographic signs that often mark the earliest onset of tooth mobility in patients with bruxism. Specialist-level accuracy is reached. When placed within everyday chairside imaging workflows, it holds the potential to speed up diagnostic steps, support occlusal treatment planning more precisely, and ideally help prevent permanent damage to the periodontium.

the Modulation of immunological cytokines and miRNA expression by L-carnitine in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

2025-07-20T17:51:02+01:00

Objective: This study evaluated the effects of L-carnitine supplementation on glycaemic control, lipid profile, and immunological markers in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), with a focus on IL-10, IL-17, and microRNA expression.

Methods: A prospective interventional cohort study was conducted involving 175 T2DM patients (90 women, 85 men; aged 50–65 years) who received 2g/day of oral L-carnitine for six months. Fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c, total cholesterol, and triglyceride levels were measured at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months. Serum cytokines IL-10 and IL-17 were analysed using ELISA. Data were analysed using SPSS v21, with significance set at p < 0.05.

Results: HbA1c and triglyceride levels significantly decreased at both three and six months compared to baseline (p < 0.05). Fasting glucose showed a significant reduction at three months (p < 0.05), with a non-significant decrease at six months (p = 0.067). No significant changes were observed in total cholesterol levels. IL-10 levels increased significantly (p = 0.001), while IL-17 also showed a statistically significant change (p = 0.006). These results suggest potential immunomodulatory and metabolic effects of L-carnitine in T2DM.

Conclusion: L-carnitine supplementation improved glycaemic control and triglyceride levels in T2DM patients, with potential benefits on inflammatory markers. It may serve as a useful adjunct to conventional diabetes management, but further large-scale, long-term studies are recommended to validate these findings and explore underlying mechanisms.

Antibiotic susceptibility testing of Proteus mirabilis isolates from selected hospitals in Anbar governorate, Iraq

2025-07-18T12:09:52+01:00

Objective: To investigate the antibiotic susceptibility profiles of Proteus mirabilis isolated from clinical samples in selected hospitals in Anbar Governorate, Iraq.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2024 to January 2025. A total of 255 clinical samples were collected from patients attending Al-Ramadi Teaching Hospital, Hit General Hospital, and private clinics. Isolation and identification of P. mirabilis were performed using conventional biochemical methods and confirmed with the Vitek-2 Compact system. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was conducted via the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method according to CLSI 2024 guidelines. Data were analysed descriptively, and chi-square tests were used to assess demographic associations.

Results: Out of 255 samples, 15 (5.88%) yielded P. mirabilis. Isolates showed 100% sensitivity to carbapenems (meropenem, imipenem, and ertapenem). High resistance was noted to cefotaxime (100%), ceftriaxone (73.3%), and piperacillin (86.6%). Moderate susceptibility was observed for amikacin (53.3%) and ciprofloxacin (46.6%). Infections were more prevalent in males (73.3%), urban residents (66.7%), and individuals aged 11–20 years (33.3%). A significant association was found between gender and infection status (p < 0.05).

Conclusion: Proteus mirabilis isolates in Anbar Governorate exhibit high resistance to third-generation cephalosporins but retain full susceptibility to carbapenems. These findings underscore the urgent need for local antimicrobial resistance surveillance and implementation of stewardship programs. Clinicians should exercise caution in empirical antibiotic selection and prioritise culture-based therapy to minimise resistance spread.

CD27 and IL-35 as diagnostic biomarkers in alopecia areata: First evidence of association with pathogenic scalp bacterial infections

2025-07-29T16:15:21+01:00

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the diagnostic and prognostic potential of CD27 and interleukin-35 (IL-35) in patients with Alopecia Areata (AA), with and without pathogenic bacterial infections. To our knowledge, this is the first study to correlate CD27 and IL-35 expression with bacterial colonisation in AA.

Methods: A total of 60 patients with clinically diagnosed AA and 60 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were recruited. Blood samples were analysed for CD27 and IL-35 using ELISA. Scalp swabs from AA patients were cultured on blood agar, MacConkey agar, and Mannitol salt agar; bacterial isolates were identified through biochemical assays and confirmed by the VITEK 2 Compact System. Bacteria were deemed pathogenic if colony-forming unit concentrations exceeded 10³–10⁴ CFU/mL. Statistical analysis included ANOVA, Pearson correlation, and ROC curve analysis.

Results: Among AA patients, 43.3% showed bacterial growth; 12 isolates were classified as pathogenic. The most common species were Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus haemolyticus. CD27 and IL-35 levels were significantly elevated in AA patients with bacterial infections compared to those without bacterial infections and to healthy controls (p = 0.001). A strong positive correlation was observed between CD27 and IL-35 in infected patients (r = 0.742). CD27 showed perfect diagnostic performance (AUC=1.00), while IL-35 was a strong predictor in infected cases (AUC = 0.94).

Conclusion: CD27 and IL-35 may serve as useful immunological biomarkers in AA. Elevated IL-35 levels appear to be driven by bacterial-induced immune activation, suggesting a potential role for combined immunomodulatory and antimicrobial therapies.

Exclusive breastfeeding practice and associated factors among mothers in northern Nigeria: Probit regression model approach

2025-07-30T10:58:53+01:00

Objective: Exclusive Breastfeeding (EBF) is a situation whereby children are given only breast milk in the first 6 months of their life without adding any other foods. This practice drastically reduces the child’s exposure to different illnesses and diseases. However, many studies have used the logistic model and the Chi-square test to identify associated factors of EBF without considering other similar models. Therefore, this study used the Probit model to identify associated factors of EBF in Northern Nigeria.

Methods: Secondary data from the 2018 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (2018 NDHS) were analysed, where 8276 women of reproductive age who lived in Northern Nigeria were included in the study. The main outcome variable was whether the mothers practised EBF or not. The probit model was used to identify the factors associated with EBF, and p< 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results: In the North-central, no formal education, primary and secondary education had 0.358, 0.485 and 0.387 decreases in z-score of practising EBF, respectively, compared to those with higher education (p< 0.05). All the variables were significantly associated with EBF in the North-east zone (p>0.05). However, the husband’s or partner’s education had a significant association with EBF in the North-west zone(p<0.05).

Conclusion: The probit model identified the educational status of respondents and their husbands to be significantly associated with EBF. Therefore, the education of mothers and their husbands should be given unrelenting attention to increase EBF practices.

Prevalence of musculoskeletal complaints in female university students participating in sports activities at the University of Lagos

2025-07-23T11:56:08+01:00

Objectives: Musculoskeletal complaints (MSCs) are among the most reported health issues globally and a leading cause of disability in younger populations, including university students. This study investigated the prevalence of MSCs among female students at the University of Lagos who engage in sporting activities.

Methodology: A cross-sectional analytical survey was conducted among 363 female university students recruited across various departments. Data collection involved the use of Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire to assess MSCs prevalence. The self-administered questionnaire captured reports of musculoskeletal pain over the past 12-months. Descriptive statistics, including mean, frequency, percentages, and tables, were used to summarize demographic variables, sport-related characteristics and medical consultations, while chi-square tests examined associations between sports participation and MSCs occurrence at an alpha level of 5%.

Results: Participants had a mean age of 20.30 years. The lower limb was most affected, with 203 (56%) reporting hip/thigh pain, followed by the shoulder 182(50.2%), neck 176(48.5%), lower back 167(46.1%), ankle/foot 160(44.1%), and knee 148(40.8%). Among those affected, 35.2% reported activity limitations due to hip or thigh pain. Additionally, a significant association was found between sport duration and 12-month prevalence of musculoskeletal complaints in the shoulder (p = 0.008) and lower back (p = 0.036).

Conclusion: MSCs were highly prevalent among female university students engaged in sports, with the lower limbs being the most affected. Awareness and preventive strategies are essential to reduce the risk and long-term impact of MSCs in this population.

Psycho-educational programs: Enhancing coping strategies and mitigating anxiety in chemotherapy patients

2025-08-01T08:26:24+01:00

Objective: This study aims to assess the impact of psycho-educational programs on enhancing coping strategies and mitigating anxiety in chemotherapy patients.

Methods: A quasi-experimental design was employed using a non-randomised purposive sample of 225 patients receiving chemotherapy at the outpatient oncology clinic in Nasiriyah, Iraq. Data were collected using three tools: (I) an interviewing questionnaire for demographic and clinical data, (II) the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and (III) the Coping Strategies Adjustment to Cancer Patients Questionnaire (CSARQ).

Results: The study reveals that 85% of patients report high levels of anxiety pre-program, which improved to 70% reporting low levels post-program. Regarding coping strategies, 82% of participants reported increased use of proactive coping strategies post-program, while approximately two-thirds continued to use passive strategies. Overall, 70.7% demonstrated high levels of total coping following the program compared to 29.3% reporting lower levels (p < 0.001). Significant differences were observed in total anxiety, coping strategies, and demographic characteristics pre- and post-intervention.

Conclusion: These findings highlight that psycho-educational programs incorporating coping strategies effectively reduce anxiety and enhance coping among chemotherapy patients. The development of standardised screening tools to assess the psychological status and mental well-being of all patients undergoing chemotherapy is strongly recommended.

Risk factors for chronic kidney disease among haemodialysis patients in Al-Basrah: A cross-sectional study

2025-08-01T12:21:52+01:00

Objective: To identify prevalent risk factors and assess associations with demographic characteristics.

Method: A descriptive design is carried out throughout the study period from February to November 2023 to assess the risk factors for chronic renal failure in the haemodialysis unit in Al-Basrah City. A non-probability sample of 166 patients with renal failure is collected from the Al-Basrah Teaching Hospital dialysis ward. The data is analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26. The questionnaire was constructed in two parts: demographic data and the known risk factors of CKD.

Results: The most prevalent risk factors for chronic kidney failure in patients receiving haemodialysis were Diabetic mellitus (27.10%) and Hypertension (25.30%).

Conclusion: The results showed that there is a significant relationship between risk factors of renal failure and educational level, monthly income, and the residents of patients.

Sociodemographic and clinical predictors of quality of life in women with breast cancer: Evidence from an oncology centre in Kirkuk, Iraq

2025-08-01T07:53:30+01:00

Objective: Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer in women in Iraq, raising concerns about their quality of life (QOL). As survival rates improve, understanding the sociodemographic and clinical factors affecting health related quality of life (HRQOL) becomes increasingly important. This study aims to explore the sociodemographic and clinical predictors of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) among women who have breast cancer attending the Oncology and Hematology Center in Kirkuk, Iraq.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2024 to May 2025. Samples of 340 women diagnosed with breast cancer and attending the oncology and hematology center in Kirkuk city were included. Data were collected using the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Breast (FACT-B) along with a structured questionnaire comprising two sections: sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26. A simple descriptive analysis approach (frequency and percentage; means and standard deviations) and an inferential analysis approach (Kruskal-Wallis U test, Mann-Whitney U test, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient) were utilized to assess the significant disparities in women's HRQoL and their characteristics.

Results: The mean HRQOL score was 75.4 ± 20.45, with 78.8% of participants reporting a moderate quality of life. Married women had significantly higher HRQOL scores (78.45, P = 0.001), while those with low socioeconomic status had significantly lower scores (67.74, P = 0.002). Participants in stages III and IV of cancer, and those undergoing treatment for less than a year, reported the lowest mean scores (65.69 ± 13.75). Among treatment modalities, hormonal t

Comparative Analysis of Laparoscopic and Open Adrenalectomy Outcomes in Wasit Province, Iraq

2025-08-08T21:20:34+01:00

Objective: To compare perioperative outcomes of laparoscopic adrenalectomy (LA) and open adrenalectomy (OA) in managing adrenal tumours at Al-Karami Teaching Hospital, Wasit Province, Iraq.

Method: This retrospective study reviewed 80 patients who underwent adrenalectomy between January 2015 and December 2023. Data on demographics, tumour characteristics, operative details, and postoperative outcomes were collected. Statistical analysis included t-tests, Chi-square, and Mann–Whitney U tests, with significance set at p<0.05.

Results: Of 80 patients (mean age 37.4 years; M: F ratio 1:5.8), 70 underwent LA and 10 OA. Pheochromocytoma was the most common indication (82.5%). Compared to OA, LA had significantly lower blood loss (90 vs. 180mL, p<0.001), shorter operative time (135 vs. 158 min, p=0.008), and reduced hospital stay (1.9 vs. 3.3 days, p<0.001). No conversions from LA to OA occurred. All malignant tumours (5%) were treated with OA. Postoperative complications were minor (7.5%) and did not differ significantly between groups.

Conclusion: LA is a safe and effective alternative to OA for adrenal tumours <6cm, offering shorter operative time, less blood loss, and faster recovery, even in resource-limited settings. Adoption of laparoscopic techniques and structured surgical training could improve adrenal surgery outcomes in similar regions.

Association between leisure-time physical activity and menstrual cycle characteristics among female undergraduates with primary dysmenorrhea in Nigeria

2025-07-03T11:58:58+01:00

Objective: Women, especially young girls affected by Primary dysmenorrhea (PD), do not pay much attention to their health. Given the significance of LTPA in promoting health, this study investigated the impact of LTPA on the menstrual cycle characteristics of female undergraduates with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in Nigeria.

Methods: A convenience sample of 388 female undergraduates was cross-sectionally surveyed. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Long form and Numerical Pain Rating Scale assessed LTPA and pain intensity of respondents. Furthermore, a pro-forma was used to document other menstrual cycle characteristics, including menarche, regularity of menstruation, perceived volume of menstrual flow and duration of dysmenorrhea pain. The level of significance was set at p < 0.05.

Results: Respondents’ mean age was 20.02 ± 2.78 years (range = 15-27 years), while 256 (67.3%) were physically active. The mean pain intensity of respondents was 6.13 ± 2.23, with 329 (84.8%) having moderate-to-severe levels of pain. LTPA was significantly associated with perceived volume of menstrual flow (Χ² =11.44; p = 0.02) and duration of menstrual pain (Χ² =14.86; p = 0.01). In addition, LTPA was associated with perceived volume of menstrual flow (OR = 0.413; CI: 0.258 – 0.663; p=0.001) and the duration of dysmenorrhea pain (OR = 0.584; CI: 0.381 – 0.895; p=0.014).

Conclusion: Overall, LTPA is significantly associated with the volume of menstrual flow and duration of menstrual pain among females with PD. Therefore, women should be educated on the positive influence of LTPA in reducing menstrual cycle disturbances.

Self-care behaviours, distress and health-related quality of life among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus attending the teaching hospitals in Ogun state

2025-08-13T15:40:19+01:00

Objective: Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) is a multidimensional concept encompassing physical, mental, emotional, and social well-being. Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) often face diabetes-related distress (DRD) due to the demands of long-term treatment, which can lead to poor self-care behaviours and diminished HRQoL. This study aimed to investigate the combined impact of diabetes self-care and distress on health-related quality of life among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 219 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) attending two teaching hospitals in Ogun State, Nigeria. Data were collected using validated questionnaires. DSMQ, DDS-17, and WHOQOL-BREF. Descriptive and multiple regression analyses were performed at a 5% significance level.

Results: Participants had a mean age of 56.1 ± 9.7 years. Diabetes self-care behaviour was optimal, with a mean DSMQ score of 7.27 ± 1.40 (95% CI: 7.08–7.46), while diabetes distress levels were moderate, with a mean DDS score of 2.10 ± 0.82 (95% CI: 1.97–2.19). Participants reported high overall perceptions of quality of life (80.50 ± 18.00) and health (65.91 ± 22.09). Domain-specific HRQoL scores were moderate across physical health (62.08 ± 13.02), psychological (63.50 ± 12.91), social relationships (63.32 ± 19.70), and environment (62.44 ± 15.50). Both diabetes self-care behaviour and diabetes distress significantly predicted HRQoL (F(3, 205) = 15.8, p < 0.05).

Conclusion: Diabetes self-care behaviours and distress significantly influenced HRQoL. Routine psychological screening and targeted interventions are recommended to reduce DD and improve HRQoL among T2DM patients.

Comparative analysis of ChatGPT and Gemini responses on epistaxis: Accuracy and readability

2025-08-14T16:08:51+01:00

Objective: There is a dearth of literature addressing the utilisation of AI models in patients with epistaxis, and ambiguities exist in the responses these models provide to patient-generated inquiries. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the accuracy and readability of responses regarding frequently asked questions (FAQs) about epistaxis provided by two advanced artificial intelligence (AI) models: ChatGPT-4 Pro and Gemini 2.5 Pro.

Methods: A total of 30 commonly asked questions about epistaxis were retrieved from the publicly accessible Quora platform and submitted separately to ChatGPT and Gemini. Two independent medical experts evaluated the AI-generated responses on a 5-point scale, focusing on accuracy and comprehensibility. Readability was assessed using multiple indices, including the Flesch Reading Ease, Gunning Fog, and SMOG indices, among others. Statistical analyses, including interobserver agreement and t-tests, were conducted using SPSS v27.

Results: The mean evaluation scores from the two observers were 4.18 ± 0.85 and 4.01 ± 0.83, respectively, with excellent interobserver agreement (ICC = 0.877, p < 0.001). ChatGPT scored slightly higher (4.18 ± 0.66) than Gemini (4.01 ± 0.91), though the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.179). When readability metrics for artificial intelligence were compared, there was no difference in all parameters except Linear Write Grade Level Formula: 14.17±4.56 vs. 10.35±3.77, p<<0.001.

Conclusion: Both ChatGPT and Gemini provided highly accurate and readable responses to questions about epistaxis. These results indicate that AI-based tools can effectively support patient education and clinical communication. However, attention to content readability and regular evaluation is still necessary.

Prevalence of the pelA gene in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and serum IL-22 levels in patients with diabetic foot ulcers

2025-08-24T20:10:35+01:00

Objective: Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are a major complication of diabetes mellitus, often complicated by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a biofilm-forming pathogen associated with delayed wound healing. This study evaluated the prevalence of the pelA gene, a determinant of biofilm production, in P. aeruginosa isolates from DFU patients and assessed systemic immune response through serum interleukin-22 (IL-22) levels.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from May 2024 to January 2025, including 48 DFU patients and 48 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Wound swabs were collected from patients, and P. aeruginosa isolates were identified using the VITEK-2 system or PCR amplification of the 16S rRNA gene. The presence of the pelA gene was confirmed by PCR. Serum IL-22 concentrations were measured using ELISA. Data were analysed with SPSS v26, using t-tests or Mann–Whitney U tests as appropriate, with P < 0.05 considered significant.

Results: All 48 P. aeruginosa isolates (100%) carried the pelA gene. Mean serum IL-22 levels were significantly higher in DFU patients compared with healthy controls (31.04 ± 0.22 pg/mL vs. 28.89 ± 0.84 pg/mL; P = 0.015).

Conclusion: The universal detection of pelA highlights its potential as a molecular marker of biofilm-forming P. aeruginosa in DFUs. Elevated IL-22 levels indicate an active host immune response in affected patients. Combined microbial and immunological markers may support improved assessment of infection dynamics in diabetic foot ulcers, although further multicentre and longitudinal studies are warranted.

Effect of diabetes on the radiopharmaceutical dose uptake in radiodiagnosis using PET scanning

2025-08-05T09:19:59+01:00

Objectives: This study aimed to compare liver uptake of radiopharmaceuticals in diabetic and non-diabetic patients using PET scanning, and to evaluate the influence of body weight and body mass index (BMI) on radiopharmaceutical uptake.

Methods: A total of 150 patients (75 males and 75 females), aged 31–75 years, were enrolled between November 2024 and April 2025. Participants were divided into three groups: control (normal liver, n = 50), liver cancer without diabetes (n = 50), and liver cancer with diabetes (n = 50). All patients underwent PET/CT imaging after intravenous injection of 18F-FDG (0.1 MBq/kg). Standard Uptake Values (SUVs) were recorded and analysed across weight categories (50–100 kg).

Results: Mean SUVs were significantly higher in patients with liver cancer compared with controls (e.g., males: 3.32 ± 0.35 vs. 1.49 ± 0.23; females: 3.38 ± 0.35 vs. 1.55 ± 0.23; P < 0.001). Patients with liver cancer and diabetes showed further increases (e.g., males: 3.99 ± 0.35; females: 4.15 ± 0.45), which were significantly different from both controls (P < 0.001) and liver cancer patients without diabetes (P < 0.01). Across both sexes, SUVs rose progressively with body weight, with the highest values observed in the 91–100 kg category.

Conclusion: Diabetes and higher body weight/BMI are associated with significantly greater FDG uptake in the liver during PET/CT imaging. These factors should be considered in image interpretation to avoid potential overestimation of malignant activity.

Molecular detection of virulence genes in bacterial isolates from patients with bronchial asthma in Al-Anbar, Iraq

2025-08-26T11:49:21+01:00

Objectives: This study aimed to isolate and identify bacteria from the respiratory tract of bronchial asthma patients and molecularly detect key virulence genes associated with these isolates.

Methods: A total of 168 samples were collected from patients with bronchial asthma. Bacterial isolates were identified using standard clinical microbiological methods. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was employed to detect the presence of virulence genes, including hlB (Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis), ndvB (Escherichia coli), ureR (Proteus mirabilis), OmpA (Acinetobacter baumannii), Prot_clp (Klebsiella pneumoniae and K. oxytoca), lasB (Pseudomonas aeruginosa), and bibA (Streptococcus pneumoniae).

Results: Bacterial growth was obtained from all 168 samples. The distribution of virulence genes was species-specific: Prot_clp was detected in 100% (12/12) of K. pneumoniae and 40% (2/5) of K. oxytoca isolates. The lasB gene was present in 100% (17/17) of P. aeruginosa isolates. The ndvB gene was absent in all E. coli isolates (0/17). The OmpA gene was found in 76.5% (13/17) of A. baumannii isolates. The ureR gene was present in 100% (6/6) of P. mirabilis isolates. The hlB gene was confirmed in 100% (14/14) of S. aureus isolates but absent in all S. epidermidis isolates. Finally, the bibA gene was detected in 100% (10/10) of S. pneumoniae isolates.

Conclusions: Bacterial isolates from asthma patients harboured a high prevalence of specific virulence genes. These findings highlight the potential contribution of bacterial virulence factors to the pathophysiology of asthma and underscore the value of molecular methods in complementing traditional bacteriological diagnostics to better understand infection severity.

Emergence of non-categorised Drug-resistant Tuberculosis among non-HIV patients: A new threat to Antimicrobial Resistance in Iraq

2025-08-26T11:50:22+01:00

Objective: Tuberculosis is one of the ancient infectious diseases that causes a significant rate of death worldwide. Drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis has been categorised into different categories according to its resistance type. Emergence of new noncategorized strains in the post-COVID-19 years among non-HIV-infected patients forms a new threat to public health in Iraq and limits therapeutic options. The aim is to investigate the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic and HIV infection on tuberculosis incidence and drug resistance category of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in association with age and sex as a risk factor.

Methods: A total of 1211 patients were clinically and microbiologically confirmed to have tuberculosis. Identification used sputum smears, culture, Gene-Xpert assay, and drug sensitivity testing using Gene-Xpert MTB/RIF assay. All confirmed cases were checked for HIV.

Results: A total of 1211 confirmed TB patients were included. Patients' sex significantly affected the site of infection; pulmonary tuberculosis was 1.22 times higher among males. In contrast, extrapulmonary tuberculosis was significantly higher among females (58.46%). Isolates of the period 2023-2024 showed the emergence of strains sensitive to rifampin and isoniazid but resistant to the second-line anti-TB drugs (13, 30.8%); such resistance is rare and not categorised yet. Age, COVID-19, and HIV infection were not identified as independent predictors for the incidence of tuberculosis.

Conclusion: The emergence of a new category of M. tuberculosis among non-HIV-infected patients is an alarming sign. A national screening in all Iraqi cities and health education are recommended to increase public awareness and encourage rational use of antibiotics.

Comparative appreciation of some tumour markers in colon cancer patients: A clinical study in Nineveh Governorate

2025-09-01T08:53:28+01:00

Objective: This study aims to evaluate the diagnostic value of selected tumour markers, Septin-9, HIF-1α, and cf-DNA, in different stages of colon cancer, with an emphasis on potential differences between male and female patients.

Methods: A total of 125 individuals participated in this study. Among them, 41 patients had confirmed colon cancer and were classified into stages II, III, and IV based on pathological findings. Additionally, 45 individuals with benign colon conditions (control+) and 39 healthy individuals served as comparison groups. Blood samples were analysed using ELISA to quantify tumour marker levels. Haematological parameters, including a complete blood count and immune-related ratios such as the lymphocyte-to-monocyte (L/M) and platelet-to-lymphocyte (P/L) ratios, were also assessed.

Results: Significant sex-based differences were observed in both haematological and tumour marker profiles. Male patients exhibited lower CBC values and altered immune ratios, suggesting potential immune suppression. In females, higher levels of tumour markers were evident even at early stages of cancer. Septin-9, HIF-1α, and cf-DNA exhibited stage-specific expression patterns, with more pronounced progression trends observed in male patients.

Conclusion: Septin-9, HIF-1α, and cf-DNA may serve as valuable biomarkers for assessing colon cancer progression and understanding sex-based biological variations. These findings indicate a potential role for these markers in differentiating between cancer stages and between sexes. However, this is preliminary and hypothesis-generating, given the small sample size. Their integration into early diagnostic and monitoring protocols could enhance personalised treatment strategies, though further validation in larger cohorts is recommended.

Association between TGF-β1 rs1800471 polymorphism and human herpesvirus-6A infection with non-Hodgkin lymphoma in an Iraqi cohort

2025-10-15T09:41:31+01:00

Objective: Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is a heterogeneous group of malignancies with a complex aetiology involving genetic and viral factors. This study aimed to investigate the association of the Transforming Growth Factor-Beta 1 (*TGF-β1*) rs1800471 polymorphism and active Human Herpesvirus-6A (HHV-6A) infection with NHL risk in an Iraqi population.

Methods: A case-control study was conducted involving 100 NHL patients and 100 age- and sex-matched apparently healthy controls (AHC). Genomic DNA was isolated from blood samples. The *TGF-β1* rs1800471 polymorphism was genotyped using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) followed by Sanger sequencing. The presence of HHV-6A DNA was detected using virus-specific PCR.

Results: HHV-6A DNA was detected in 29% of NHL patients and none of the controls (p=0.03). Genotype analysis of a representative subset (40 patients, 20 controls) revealed that the GG genotype of *TGF-β1* rs1800471 was more frequent in patients (32.5%) than in controls (10%), showing a significant association (p=0.04). The G allele was also significantly more prevalent in patients (47.5%) compared to controls (37.5%) (p=0.04). A significant positive correlation was observed between the *TGF-β1* polymorphism and patient age (r=0.722, p=0.03), but no correlation was found with HHV-6A status.

Conclusions: Our findings suggest that both the *TGF-β1* rs1800471 G allele and active HHV-6A infection are potential risk factors associated with NHL development in this cohort. Further large-scale studies are warranted to confirm these associations and elucidate the underlying mechanisms.

Hepatic steatosis and fibrosis in patients with thalassemia major: A cross-sectional study using transient elastography

2025-10-31T08:34:33+01:00

Objective: This study aimed to assess the prevalence and severity of hepatic steatosis and fibrosis in patients with transfusion-dependent thalassemia major (TM) using transient elastography (TE) and to investigate their correlations with serum ferritin, liver enzymes, and body mass index (BMI).

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Thalassemia Centre in Najaf, Iraq, from January to June 2024. Eighty TM patients aged ≥12 years were enrolled. Liver stiffness and controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) were measured via TE to stage fibrosis (F0-F4) and grade steatosis (S0-S3). Serum levels of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), and ferritin were analysed. Statistical analyses included Spearman's correlation and binary logistic regression.

Results: The mean age of participants was 22±6.3 years, with a mean BMI of 20.5±3.0 kg/m². Significant fibrosis (F3-F4) was present in 32.5% of patients, while 67.5% had no or mild fibrosis (F0-F2). Severe steatosis (S3) was found in 8.6% of patients. ALT and AST levels showed a significant positive correlation with fibrosis stage (p<0.001 for both). Serum ferritin was significantly higher in patients with significant fibrosis (p=0.012). No significant correlations were found between steatosis and ALT (p=0.275), AST (p=0.375), BMI (p=0.835), or ferritin (p=0.323). BMI was not correlated with fibrosis (p=0.193).

Conclusions: Elevated liver enzymes and serum ferritin are significantly associated with liver fibrosis in TM patients, while steatosis appears less prevalent and is not correlated with traditional metabolic risk factors like BMI. Transient elastography is a crucial non-invasive tool for the simultaneous assessment of fibrosis and steatosis in high-risk populations.

Comparative analysis of maternal and child healthcare services for quality care in selected secondary health institutions, Lagos metropolis, Nigeria

2025-11-12T12:04:00+01:00

Objective: This study compared the quality of maternal and child healthcare services in selected upgraded and non-upgraded secondary health institutions in the Lagos metropolis.

Methods: A comparative cross-sectional design was used across four secondary health facilities (two upgraded, two non-upgraded). Data were collected from existing maternal and neonatal health records over three months from August to October 2024. A proportional stratified random sampling technique was used to select 165 patient records. Data were collected using a validated, reliable (r=1.0) structured checklist based on the Donabedian model. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics (independent t-test) at a 0.05 significance level.

Results: Upgraded facilities demonstrated a significantly better mean score for physical infrastructure (3.77 ± 0.56) compared to non-upgraded facilities (3.31 ± 0.95), with a mean difference of 0.458 (p=0.005). No significant differences were found in personnel skills/welfare (p=0.914) or the process of care delivery (p=0.152). However, outcome measures were more favourable in upgraded facilities, which had lower rates of near-miss cases (20.0% vs. 30.5%) and lower maternal (3.3% vs. 3.8%) and neonatal mortality.

Conclusion: Upgraded facilities were associated with superior physical infrastructure and better maternal and neonatal outcomes, despite similar processes of care. Findings suggest that strategic investments in health facility upgrades, alongside targeted improvements in resource allocation and digital infrastructure, are crucial to enhancing service delivery and reducing mortality.

Association of IFNL2 (IL-28A) gene polymorphisms and human herpesvirus-7 detection in patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia

2025-11-29T16:31:23+01:00

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the potential association between genetic polymorphisms in the IFNL2 (IL-28A) gene, detection of Human Herpesvirus-7 (HHV-7) DNA, and susceptibility to Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia (CML) in an Iraqi population.

Methods: A case-control study was conducted involving 100 CML patients and 100 apparently healthy controls (AHC). Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood. IFNL2 gene polymorphisms were analysed by PCR amplification of a 604 bp fragment followed by Sanger sequencing. HHV-7 DNA was detected using conventional PCR targeting a 458 bp fragment. Genotype and allele frequencies were compared using Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), adjusting for age and sex.

Results: The distribution of IFNL2 genotypes differed significantly between CML patients and controls (p<0.05). The CC (wild-type) genotype was less frequent in patients (44%) than in controls (72%), while the CT (heterozygous) genotype was more frequent in patients (34%) than in controls (12%). The CT genotype was associated with significantly increased odds of CML (adjusted OR: 3.86, 95% CI: 1.21-12.33, p=0.022). HHV-7 DNA was detected in 19% (19/100) of CML patients but in none of the controls (0/100), a statistically significant difference (p<0.001).

Conclusion: The findings suggest a potential association between IFNL2 gene polymorphisms, HHV-7 infection, and CML susceptibility. The CT genotype and HHV-7 detection were significantly more prevalent in CML patients. These factors may represent host-viral interaction pathways relevant to CML pathogenesis, though further validation in larger cohorts is warranted.