Distribution and prevalence of Periplaneta Americana in urban households of Ramadi, Iraq

Abstract

Objective: Cockroaches (order Blattodea) comprise over 4,000 species worldwide, of which approximately 20 to 30 are recognised as significant domestic pests. In the Arab region, cockroaches are among the oldest known insects, exhibiting remarkable resilience and adaptability. Certain species demonstrate synchronised life cycles and are widely distributed, maintaining close biological associations with humans, animals, and food sources.

Methods: Between November 2024 and April 2025, cockroach specimens were systematically collected from household kitchens across 32 municipal districts in Ramadi, western Iraq. A total of 1,150 specimens were obtained and identified to the species level. Each specimen was also categorised by life stage (nymph or adult). Statistical analyses were conducted to evaluate differences in species distribution across the study areas.

Results: Periplaneta americana was the most prevalent species, accounting for 68.01% of the total specimens, followed by Blatta orientalis (19.22%) and Blattella germanica (12.77%). In all three species, nymphs constituted the majority: 62.87% in P. americana, 61.54% in B. orientalis, and 60.65% in B. germanica. The differences in species distribution were statistically highly significant (P ≤ 0.01).

Conclusion: This study examines the spread of Periplaneta americana in Ramadi and the environmental factors driving its presence. Its dominance and high nymph count indicate ideal conditions for reproduction. Effective control, via integrated pest management, can reduce disease transmission, allergies, and improve sanitation and public health by minimising infestation-related risks.