Interleukin-38 levels and haematological alterations in Giardiasis patients: A case-control study

Abstract

Objective: Giardiasis, caused by the protozoan Giardia lamblia, remains a globally prevalent parasitic infection linked to considerable morbidity, especially in children. This study assessed serum levels of interleukin-38 (IL-38) and haematological parameters in patients with confirmed G. lamblia infection.

Methods: A total of 90 participants (45 confirmed G. lamblia cases and 45 healthy controls) were recruited between September 2023 and March 2024. Stool microscopy confirmed giardiasis. Blood samples were analysed using standard haematology analysers and ELISA for IL-38.

Results: IL-38 concentrations were numerically higher in infected patients (49.39 ± 4.11 pg/mL) compared to controls (39.59 ± 2.54 pg/mL); however, the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.08). Haematological analysis showed significantly higher PCV and MCV in patients (p < 0.05), while MCHC was significantly lower. RBC count and haemoglobin levels did not differ significantly.

The gender-based distribution of giardiasis indicated a slightly higher infection rate among males (54.0%) compared to females (45.0%), but this difference was not statistically significant (χ² = 0.720; p = 0.3961).

Conclusion: Although IL-38 levels showed an upward trend in giardiasis patients, this was not statistically significant. The significant changes in PCV, MCV, and MCHC suggest potential diagnostic utility for monitoring giardiasis progression; however, further studies are needed to confirm the role of IL-38 in giardiasis. Improved sanitation and public awareness remain critical for reducing giardiasis prevalence.